HANDBOOK OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CALCULATIONS
Tyler G. Hicks, RE., Editor International Engineering Associates Member: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers United States Naval Institute
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Handbook of civil engineering calculations / Tyler G. Hicks.
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About the Editor
Tyler E. Hicks, P.E., is editor of Standard Handbook of Engineering Calculations,Standard Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Calculations, McGraw-Hill'sInteractive Chemical Engineer's Solutions Suite, McGraw-Hill's Interactive CivilEngineer's Solutions Suite, and other bestselling titles. He is also a consulting engineerwith International Engineering Associates.
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PREFACE
This handbook presents a comprehensive collection of civil engineering calculation procedures useful to practicing civil engineers, surveyors, structural designers, draft- ers, candidates for professional engineering licenses, and students. Engineers in other disciplines—mechanical, electrical, chemical, environmental, etc.—will also find this handbook useful for making occasional calculations outside their normal field of specialty.
Each calculation procedure presented in this handbook gives numbered steps for per- forming the calculation, along with a numerical example illustrating the important con- cepts in the procedure. Many procedures include "Related Calculations" comments which expand the application of the computation method presented. All calculation procedures in this handbook use both the USCS (United States Customary System) and the SI (Sys- tem International) for numerical units. Hence, the calculation procedures presented are useful to engineers throughout the world.
Major calculation procedures presented in this handbook include stress and strain, flexural analysis, deflection of beams, statically indeterminate structures, steel beams and columns, riveted and welded connections, composite members, plate girders, load and re- sistance factor design method (LRFD) for structural steel design, plastic design of steel structures, reinforced and prestressed concrete engineering and design, surveying, route design, highway bridges, timber engineering, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, pumps, piping, water supply and water treatment, wastewater treatment and disposal, hydro pow- er, and engineering economics.
Each section of this handbook is designed to furnish comprehensive coverage of the topics in it. Where there are major subtopics within a section, the section is divided into parts to permit in-depth coverage of each subtopic.
Civil engineers design buildings, bridges, highways, airports, water supply, sewage treatment, and a variety of other key structures and facilities throughout the world. Be- cause of the importance of such structures and facilities to the civilized world, civil engi- neers have long needed a handbook which would simplify and speed their daily design calculations. This handbook provides an answer to that need.
While there are computer programs that help the civil engineer with a variety of engi- neering calculations, such programs are highly specialized and do not have the breadth of coverage this handbook provides. Further, such computer programs are usually expen- sive. Because of their high cost, these computer programs can be justified only when a civil engineer makes a number of repetitive calculations on almost a daily basis. In con- trast, this handbook can be used in the office, field, drafting room, or laboratory. It pro- vides industry-wide coverage in a convenient and affordable package. As such, this hand- book fills a long-existing need felt by civil engineers worldwide.
In contrast, civil engineers using civil-engineering computer programs often find data- entry time requirements are excessive for quick one-off-type calculations. When one-off- type calculations are needed, most civil engineers today turn to their electronic calculator, desktop or laptop computer and perform the necessary steps to obtain the solution desired.
But where repetitive calculations are required, a purchased computer program will savetime and energy in the usual medium-size or large civil-engineering design office. Smallcivil-engineering offices generally resort to manual calculation for even repetitive proce-
dures because the investment for one or more major calculation programs is difficult to justify in economic terms.
Even when purchased computer programs are extensively used, careful civil engineers still insist on manually checking results on a random basis to be certain the program is ac- curate. This checking can be speeded by any of the calculation procedures given in this handbook. Many civil engineers remark to the author that they feel safer, knowing they have manually verified the computer results on a spot-check basis. With liability for civil- engineering designs extending beyond the lifetime of the designer, every civil engineer seeks the "security blanket" provided by manual verification of the results furnished by a computer program run on a desktop, laptop, or workstation computer. This handbook gives the tools needed for manual verification of some 2,000 civil-engineering calculation procedures.
Each section in this handbook is written by one or more experienced professional en- gineers who is a specialist in the field covered. The contributors draw on their wide expe- rience in their field to give each calculation procedure an in-depth coverage of its topic.
So the person using the procedure gets step-by-step instructions for making the calcula- tion plus background information on the subject which is the topic of the procedure.
And since the handbook is designed for worldwide use, both earlier, and more modern topics, are covered. For example, the handbook includes concise coverage of riveted gird- ers, columns, and connections. While today's civil engineer may say that riveted con- struction is a method long past its prime, there are millions of existing structures world- wide that were built using rivets. So when a civil engineer is called on to expand, rehabilitate, or tear down such a structure, he or she must be able to analyze the riveted portions of the structure. This handbook provides that capability in a convenient and con- cise form.
In the realm of modern design techniques, the load and resistance factor method (LRFD) is covered with more than ten calculation procedures showing its use in various design situations. The LRFD method is ultimately expected to replace the well-known and widely used allowable stress design (ASD) method for structural steel building frameworks. In today's design world many civil engineers are learning the advantages of the LRFD method and growing to prefer it over the ASD method.
Also included in this handbook is a comprehensive section titled "How to Use This Handbook." It details the variety of ways a civil engineer can use this handbook in his or her daily engineering work. Included as part of this section are steps showing the civil en- gineer how to construct a private list of SI conversion factors for the specific work the en- gineer specializes in.
The step-by-step practical and applied calculation procedures in this handbook are arranged so they can be followed by anyone with an engineering or scientific background.
Each worked-out procedure presents fully explained and illustrated steps for solving sim- ilar problems in civil-engineering design, research, field, academic, or license-examina- tion situations. For any applied problem, all the civil engineer need do is place his or her calculation sheets alongside this handbook and follow the step-by-step procedure line for line to obtain the desired solution for the actual real-life problem. By following the calcu- lation procedures in this handbook, the civil engineer, scientist, or technician will obtain accurate results in minimum time with least effort. And the approaches and solutions pre- sented are modern throughout.
The editor hopes this handbook is helpful to civil engineers worldwide. If the hand-book user finds procedures which belong in the book but have been left out, he urges theengineer to send the title of the procedure to him, in care of the publisher. If the procedureis useful, the editor will ask for the entire text. And if the text is publishable, the editorwill include the calculation procedure in the next edition of the handbook. Full credit will
be given to the person sending the procedure to the editor. And if users find any errors in the handbook, the editor will be grateful for having these called to his attention. Such er- rors will be corrected in the next printing of the handbook. In closing, the editor hopes that civil engineers worldwide find this handbook helpful in their daily work.
Tyler G. Hicks
HOWTO USETHIS HANDBOOK
There are two ways to enter this handbook to obtain the maximum benefit from the time invested. The first entry is through the index; the second is through the table of contents of the section covering the discipline, or related discipline, concerned. Each method is discussed in detail below.
Index. Great care and considerable time were expended on preparation of the index of this handbook so that it would be of maximum use to every reader. As a general guide, enter the index using the generic term for the type of calculation procedure being consid- ered. Thus, for the design of a beam, enter at beam(s). From here, progress to the specific type of beam being considered—such as continuous, of steel. Once the page number or numbers of the appropriate calculation procedure are determined, turn to them to find the step-by-step instructions and worked-out example that can be followed to solve the prob- lem quickly and accurately.
Contents. The contents of each section lists the titles of the calculation procedures contained in that section. Where extensive use of any section is contemplated, the editor suggests that the reader might benefit from an occasional glance at the table of contents of that section. Such a glance will give the user of this handbook an understanding of the breadth and coverage of a given section, or a series of sections. Then, when he or she turns to this handbook for assistance, the reader will be able more rapidly to find the cal- culation procedure he or she seeks.
Calculation Procedures. Each calculation procedure is a unit in itself. However, any given calculation procedure will contain subprocedures that might be useful to the reader.
Thus, a calculation procedure on pump selection will contain subprocedures on pipe fric- tion loss, pump static and dynamic heads, etc. Should the reader of this handbook wish to make a computation using any of such subprocedures, he or she will find the worked-out steps that are presented both useful and precise. Hence, the handbook contains numerous valuable procedures that are useful in solving a variety of applied civil engineering prob- lems.
One other important point that should be noted about the calculation procedures pre- sented in this handbook is that many of the calculation procedures are equally applicable in a variety of disciplines. Thus, a beam-selection procedure can be used for civil-, chem- ical-, mechanical-, electrical-, and nuclear-engineering activities, as well as some others.
Hence, the reader might consider a temporary neutrality for his or her particular specialty when using the handbook because the calculation procedures are designed for universal use.
Any of the calculation procedures presented can be programmed on a computer. Suchprogramming permits rapid solution of a variety of design problems. With the growinguse of low-cost time sharing, more engineering design problems are being solved using aremote terminal in the engineering office. The editor hopes that engineers throughout theworld will make greater use of work stations and portable computers in solving appliedengineering problems. This modern equipment promises greater speed and accuracy fornearly all the complex design problems that must be solved in today's world of engineer-ing.
To make the calculation procedures more amenable to computer solution (while main- taining ease of solution with a handheld calculator), a number of the algorithms in the handbook have been revised to permit faster programming in a computer environment.
This enhances ease of solution for any method used—work station, portable computer, or calculator.
SI Usage. The technical and scientific community throughout the world accepts the SI (System International) for use in both applied and theoretical calculations. With such widespread acceptance of SI, every engineer must become proficient in the use of this system of units if he or she is to remain up-to-date. For this reason, every calculation pro- cedure in this handbook is given in both the United States Customary System (USCS) and SI. This will help all engineers become proficient in using both systems of units. In this handbook the USCS unit is generally given first, followed by the SI value in parentheses or brackets. Thus, if the USCS unit is 10 ft, it will be expressed as 10 ft (3 m).
Engineers accustomed to working in USCS are often timid about using SI. There real- ly aren't any sound reasons for these fears. SI is a logical, easily understood, and readily manipulated group of units. Most engineers grow to prefer SI, once they become familiar with it and overcome their fears. This handbook should do much to "convert" USCS-user engineers to SI because it presents all calculation procedures in both the known and un- known units.
Overseas engineers who must work in USCS because they have a job requiring its us- age will find the dual-unit presentation of calculation procedures most helpful. Knowing SI, they can easily convert to USCS because all procedures, tables, and illustrations are presented in dual units.
Learning SI. An efficient way for the USCS-conversant engineer to learn SI follows these steps:
1. List the units of measurement commonly used in your daily work.
2. Insert, opposite each USCS unit, the usual SI unit used; Table 1 shows a variety of commonly used quantities and the corresponding SI units.
3. Find, from a table of conversion factors, such as Table 2, the value to use to convert the USCS unit to SI, and insert it in your list. (Most engineers prefer a conversion fac- tor that can be used as a multiplier of the USCS unit to give the SI unit.)
4. Apply the conversion factors whenever you have an opportunity. Think in terms of SI when you encounter a USCS unit.
5. Recognize—here and now—that the most difficult aspect of SI is becoming comfort- able with the names and magnitude of the units. Numerical conversion is simple, once you've set up your own conversion table. So think pascal whenever you encounter pounds per square inch pressure, newton whenever you deal with a force in pounds, etc.
SI Table for a Civil Engineer. Let's say you're a civil engineer and you wish to con- struct a conversion table and SI literacy document for yourself. List the units you com- monly meet in your daily work; Table 1 is the list compiled by one civil engineer. Next, list the SI unit equivalent for the USCS unit. Obtain the equivalent from Table 2. Then, using Table 2 again, insert the conversion multiplier in Table 1.
Keep Table 1 handy at your desk and add new units to it as you encounter them inyour work. Over a period of time you will build a personal conversion table that will bevaluable to you whenever you must use SI units. Further, since you compiled the table, itwill have a familiar and nonfrightening look, which will give you greater confidence inusing SI.
TABLE 1 Commonly Used USCS and SI Units*
USCS unit square feet cubic feet
pounds per square inch pound force
foot pound torque kip-feet
gallons per minute kips per square inch
SI unit square meters cubic meters kilopascal newton newton-meter kilo-newton liters per second megaPascal
SI symbol m2
m3
kPa N Nm kNm
L/s MPa
Conversion factor — multiply USCS unit by this factor to obtain the SI unit
0.0929 0.2831 6.894 4.448 1.356 1.355 0.06309 6.89
*Because of space limitations this table is abbreviated. For a typical engineering practice an ac- tual table would be many times this length.
TABLE 2 Typical Conversion Table*
To convert from To Multiply by square feet square meters 9.290304 E — 02 foot per second squared meter per second squared 3.048 E - O l cubic feet cubic meters 2.831685 E-02 pound per cubic inch kilogram per cubic meter 2. 767990 E + 04 gallon per minute liters per second 6.309 E-02 pound per square inch kilopascal 6.894757
pound force newton 4.448222
kip per square foot Pascal 4.788026 E + 04 acre-foot per day cubic meter per second 1.427641 E-02 acre square meter 4.046873 E + 03 cubic foot per second cubic meter per second 2.831685 E - 02 Note: The E indicates an exponent, as in scientific notation, followed by a positive or negative number, representing the power of 10 by which the given conversion factor is to be multiplied be- fore use. Thus, for the square feet conversion factor, 9.290304 x 1/100 = 0.09290304, the factor to be used to convert square feet to square meters. For a positive exponent, as in converting acres to square meters, multiply by 4.046873 x 1000 = 4046.8.
Where a conversion factor cannot be found, simply use the dimensional substitution. Thus, to convert pounds per cubic inch to kilograms per cubic meter, find 1 Ib = 0.4535924 kg, and 1 in3 = 0.00001638706 m3. Then, 1 lb/in3 = 0.4535924 kg/0.00001638706 m3 27,680.01, or 2.768 E + 4.
*This table contains only selected values. See the U.S. Department of the Interior Metric Manu-al, or National Bureau of Standards, The International System of Units (SI), both available from theU.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), for far more comprehensive listings of conversion factors.
Units Used. In preparing the calculation procedures in this handbook, the editors and contributors used standard SI units throughout. In a few cases, however, certain units are still in a state of development. For example, the unit tonne is used in certain industries, such as waste treatment. This unit is therefore used in the waste treatment section of this handbook because it represents current practice. However, only a few SI units are still un- der development. Hence, users of this handbook face little difficulty from this situation.
Computer-aided Calculations. Widespread availability of programmable pocket calculators and low-cost laptop computers allow engineers and designers to save thou- sands of hours of calculation time. Yet each calculation procedure must be programmed, unless the engineer is willing to use off-the-shelf software. The editor-observing thou- sands of engineers over the years-detects reluctance among technical personnel to use untested and unproven software programs in their daily calculations. Hence, the tested and proven procedures in this handbook form excellent programming input for program- mable pocket calculators, laptop computers, minicomputers, and mainframes.
A variety of software application programs can be used to put the procedures in this handbook on computer. Typical of these are MathSoft, Algor, and similar programs.
There are a number of advantages for the engineer who programs his or her own cal- culation procedures, namely: (1) The engineer knows, understands, and approves every step in the procedure; (2) there are no questionable, unknown, or legally worrisome steps in the procedure; (3) the engineer has complete faith in the result because he or she knows every component of it; and (4) if a variation of the procedure is desired, it is relatively easy for the engineer to make the needed changes in the program, using this handbook as the source of the steps and equations to apply.
Modern computer equipment provides greater speed and accuracy for almost all com- plex design calculations. The editor hopes that engineers throughout the world will make greater use of available computing equipment in solving applied engineering problems.
Becoming computer literate is a necessity for every engineer, no matter which field he or she chooses as a specialty. The procedures in this handbook simplify every engineer's task of becoming computer literate because the steps given comprise—to a great extent—
the steps in the computer program that can be written.
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Contents
Preface ... ix How to Use This Handbook ... xiii Section 1. Structural Steel Engineering and
Design ... 1.1 Part 1. Statics, Stress and Strain, and Flexural
Analysis ... 1.5 Principles of Statics; Geometric Properties of
Areas ... 1.5 Graphical Analysis of a Force System ... 1.5 Analysis of Static Friction ... 1.7 Analysis of a Structural Frame ... 1.8 Graphical Analysis of a Plane Truss ... 1.9 Truss Analysis by the Method of Joints ... 1.11 Truss Analysis by the Method of Sections ... 1.13 Reactions of a Three-Hinged Arch ... 1.14 Length of Cable Carrying Known Loads ... 1.15 Parabolic Cable Tension and Length ... 1.17 Catenary Cable Sag and Distance between
Supports ... 1.18 Stability of a Retaining Wall ... 1.18 Analysis of a Simple Space Truss ... 1.19 Analysis of a Compound Space Truss ... 1.21 Geometric Properties of an Area ... 1.24 Product of Inertia of an Area ... 1.26 Properties of an Area with Respect to Rotated
Axes ... 1.26
viii Contents
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Analysis of Stress and Strain ... 1.27 Stress Caused by an Axial Load ... 1.28 Deformation Caused by an Axial Load ... 1.28 Deformation of a Built-Up Member ... 1.28 Reactions at Elastic Supports ... 1.29 Analysis of Cable Supporting a Concentrated
Load ... 1.30 Displacement of Truss Joint ... 1.31 Axial Stress Caused by Impact Load ... 1.32 Stresses on an Oblique Plane ... 1.33 Evaluation of Principal Stresses ... 1.34 Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Cylinder under
Pressure ... 1.35 Stresses in Prestressed Cylinder ... 1.35 Hoop Stress in Thick-Walled Cylinder ... 1.36 Thermal Stress Resulting from Heating a
Member ... 1.37 Thermal Effects in Composite Member Having
Elements in Parallel ... 1.38 Thermal Effects in Composite Member Having
Elements in Series ... 1.39
Shrink-Fit Stress and Radial Pressure ... 1.39
Torsion of a Cylindrical Shaft ... 1.40
Analysis of a Compound Shaft ... 1.40
Stresses in Flexural Members ... 1.41
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam ... 1.42
Beam Bending Stresses ... 1.43
Analysis of a Beam on Movable Supports ... 1.44
Flexural Capacity of a Compound Beam ... 1.45
Analysis of a Composite Beam ... 1.46
Beam Shear Flow and Shearing Stress ... 1.48
Locating the Shear Center of a Section ... 1.49
Contents ix
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Bending of a Circular Flat Plate ... 1.50 Bending of a Rectangular Flat Plate ... 1.51 Combined Bending and Axial Load Analysis ... 1.51 Flexural Stress in a Curved Member ... 1.53 Soil Pressure under Dam ... 1.53 Load Distribution in Pile Group ... 1.54 Deflection of Beams ... 1.55
Double-Integration Method of Determining Beam
Deflection ... 1.55 Moment-Area Method of Determining Beam
Deflection ... 1.56 Conjugate-Beam Method of Determining Beam
Deflection ... 1.57 Unit-Load Method of Computing Beam
Deflection ... 1.58 Deflection of a Cantilever Frame ... 1.59 Statically Indeterminate Structures ... 1.61
Shear and Bending Moment of a Beam on a
Yielding Support ... 1.61 Maximum Bending Stress in Beams Jointly
Supporting a Load ... 1.62 Theorem of Three Moments ... 1.63 Theorem of Three Moments: Beam with
Overhang and Fixed End ... 1.64 Bending-Moment Determination by Moment
Distribution ... 1.65 Analysis of a Statically Indeterminate Truss ... 1.67 Moving Loads and Influence Lines ... 1.69
Analysis of Beam Carrying Moving Concentrated
Loads ... 1.69
Influence Line for Shear in a Bridge Truss ... 1.70
x Contents
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Force in Truss Diagonal Caused by a Moving
Uniform Load ... 1.72 Force in Truss Diagonal Caused by Moving
Concentrated Loads ... 1.72 Influence Line for Bending Moment in Bridge
Truss ... 1.74 Force in Truss Chord Caused by Moving
Concentrated Loads ... 1.75 Influence Line for Bending Moment in Three-
Hinged Arch ... 1.76 Deflection of a Beam under Moving Loads ... 1.78 Riveted and Welded Connections ... 1.78 Capacity of a Rivet ... 1.79 Investigation of a Lap Splice ... 1.80 Design of a Butt Splice ... 1.81 Design of a Pipe Joint ... 1.82 Moment on Riveted Connection ... 1.83 Eccentric Load on Riveted Connection ... 1.84 Design of a Welded Lap Joint ... 1.86 Eccentric Load on a Welded Connection ... 1.87 Part 2. Structural Steel Design ... 1.88 Steel Beams and Plate Girders ... 1.88
Most Economic Section for a Beam with a Continuous Lateral Support under a Uniform
Load ... 1.88 Most Economic Section for a Beam with
Intermittent Lateral Support under Uniform
Load ... 1.89 Design of a Beam with Reduced Allowable
Stress ... 1.90
Design of a Cover-Plated Beam ... 1.92
Design of a Continuous Beam ... 1.95
Contents xi
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Shearing Stress in a Beam - Exact Method ... 1.96 Shearing Stress in a Beam - Approximate
Method ... 1.97 Moment Capacity of a Welded Plate Girder ... 1.97 Analysis of a Riveted Plate Girder ... 1.98 Design of a Welded Plate Girder ... 1.99 Steel Columns and Tension Members ... 1.103 Capacity of a Built-Up Column ... 1.104 Capacity of a Double-Angle Star Strut ... 1.105 Section Selection for a Column with Two Effective
Lengths ... 1.106 Stress in Column with Partial Restraint against
Rotation ... 1.107 Lacing of Built-Up Column ... 1.108 Selection of a Column with a Load at an
Intermediate Level ... 1.109 Design of an Axial Member for Fatigue ... 1.110 Investigation of a Beam Column ... 1.111 Application of Beam-Column Factors ... 1.111 Net Section of a Tension Member ... 1.112 Design of a Double-Angle Tension Member ... 1.113 Plastic Design of Steel Structures ... 1.114 Allowable Load on Bar Supported by Rods ... 1.115 Determination of Section Shape Factors ... 1.116 Determination of Ultimate Load by the Static
Method ... 1.117 Determining the Ultimate Load by the Mechanism
Method ... 1.119 Analysis of a Fixed-End Beam under
Concentrated Load ... 1.120 Analysis of a Two-Span Beam with Concentrated
Loads ... 1.121
xii Contents
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Selection of Sizes for a Continuous Beam ... 1.122 Mechanism-Method Analysis of a Rectangular
Portal Frame ... 1.124 Analysis of a Rectangular Portal Frame by the
Static Method ... 1.127 Theorem of Composite Mechanisms ... 1.127 Analysis of an Unsymmetric Rectangular Portal
Frame ... 1.128 Analysis of Gable Frame by Static Method ... 1.130 Theorem of Virtual Displacements ... 1.132 Gable-Frame Analysis by Using the Mechanism
Method ... 1.133 Reduction in Plastic-Moment Capacity Caused by
Axial Force ... 1.134 Load and Resistance Factor Method ... 1.136
Determining If a Given Beam Is Compact or Non-
Compact ... 1.138 Determining Column Axial Shortening with a
Specified Load ... 1.139 Determining the Compressive Strength of a
Welded Section ... 1.140 Determining Beam Flexural Design Strength for
Minor- and Major-Axis Bending ... 1.141 Designing Web Stiffeners for Welded Beams ... 1.142 Determining the Design Moment and Shear
Strength of a Built-up Wide-Flanged Welded
Beam Section ... 1.144 Finding the Lightest Section to Support a
Specified Load ... 1.148 Combined Flexure and Compression in Beam-
Columns in a Braced Frame ... 1.150
Selection of a Concrete-Filled Steel Column ... 1.156
Contents xiii
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Determining Design Compressive Strength of
Composite Columns ... 1.159 Analyzing a Concrete Slab for Composite Action ... 1.161 Determining the Design Shear Strength of a
Beam Web ... 1.163 Determining a Bearing Plate for a Beam and Its
End Reaction ... 1.164 Determining Beam Length to Eliminate Bearing
Plate ... 1.166 Part 3. Hangers and Connections, Wind-Shear
Analysis ... 1.167
Design of an Eyebar ... 1.167
Analysis of a Steel Hanger ... 1.168
Analysis of a Gusset Plate ... 1.169
Design of a Semirigid Connection ... 1.171
Riveted Moment Connection ... 1.172
Design of a Welded Flexible Beam Connection ... 1.175
Design of a Welded Seated Beam Connection ... 1.176
Design of a Welded Moment Connection ... 1.178
Rectangular Knee of Rigid Bent ... 1.179
Curved Knee of Rigid Bent ... 1.180
Base Plate for Steel Column Carrying Axial Load ... 1.181
Base for Steel Column with End Moment ... 1.182
Grillage Support for Column ... 1.183
Wind-Stress Analysis by Portal Method ... 1.186
Wind-Stress Analysis by Cantilever Method ... 1.188
Wind-Stress Analysis by Slope-Deflection Method ... 1.191
Wind Drift of a Building ... 1.193
Reduction in Wind Drift by Using Diagonal Bracing ... 1.195
Light-Gage Steel Beam with Unstiffened Flange ... 1.196
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Light-Gage Steel Beam with Stiffened Compression
Flange ... 1.197 Section 2. Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
Engineering and Design ... 2.1 Part 1. Reinforced Concrete ... 2.3
Design of Flexural Members by Ultimate-Strength
Method ... 2.3 Capacity of a Rectangular Beam ... 2.5 Design of a Rectangular Beam ... 2.6 Design of the Reinforcement in a Rectangular
Beam of Given Size ... 2.7 Capacity of a T Beam ... 2.7 Capacity of a T Beam of Given Size ... 2.8 Design of Reinforcement in a T Beam of Given
Size ... 2.9 Reinforcement Area for a Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Beam ... 2.9 Design of Web Reinforcement ... 2.11 Determination of Bond Stress ... 2.13 Design of Interior Span of a One-Way Slab ... 2.14 Analysis of a Two-Way Slab by the Yield-Line
Theory ... 2.16 Design of Flexural Members by the Working-Stress
Method ... 2.18 Stresses in a Rectangular Beam ... 2.20 Capacity of a Rectangular Beam ... 2.22 Design of Reinforcement in a Rectangular Beam
of Given Size ... 2.23
Design of a Rectangular Beam ... 2.24
Design of Web Reinforcement ... 2.24
Capacity of a T Beam ... 2.26
Contents xv
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Design of a T Beam Having Concrete Stressed to
Capacity ... 2.27 Design of a T Beam Having Steel Stressed to
Capacity ... 2.28 Reinforcement for Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Beam ... 2.29 Deflection of a Continuous Beam ... 2.30 Design of Compression Members by Ultimate-
Strength Method ... 2.32 Analysis of a Rectangular Member by Interaction
Diagram ... 2.32 Axial-Load Capacity of Rectangular Member ... 2.34 Allowable Eccentricity of a Member ... 2.36 Design of Compression Members by Working-
Stress Method ... 2.36 Design of a Spirally Reinforced Column ... 2.37 Analysis of a Rectangular Member by Interaction
Diagram ... 2.38 Axial-Load Capacity of a Rectangular Member ... 2.40 Design of Column Footings ... 2.41 Design of an Isolated Square Footing ... 2.42 Combined Footing Design ... 2.43 Cantilever Retaining Walls ... 2.46 Design of a Cantilever Retaining Wall ... 2.47 Part 2. Prestressed Concrete ... 2.51 Determination of Prestress Shear and Moment ... 2.53 Stresses in a Beam with Straight Tendons ... 2.54 Determination of Capacity and Prestressing Force
for a Beam with Straight Tendons ... 2.57
Beam with Deflected Tendons ... 2.59
Beam with Curved Tendons ... 2.60
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Determination of Section Moduli ... 2.61 Effect of Increase in Beam Span ... 2.62 Effect of Beam Overload ... 2.62 Prestressed-Concrete Beam Design Guides ... 2.63 Kern Distances ... 2.63 Magnel Diagram Construction ... 2.64 Camber of a Beam at Transfer ... 2.66 Design of a Double-T Roof Beam ... 2.68 Design of a Posttensioned Girder ... 2.71 Properties of a Parabolic Arc ... 2.75 Alternative Methods of Analyzing a Beam with
Parabolic Trajectory ... 2.76 Prestress Moments in a Continuous Beam ... 2.78 Principle of Linear Transformation ... 2.79 Concordant Trajectory of a Beam ... 2.81 Design of Trajectory to Obtain Assigned Prestress
Moments ... 2.82 Effect of Varying Eccentricity at End Support ... 2.82 Design of Trajectory for a Two-Span Continuous
Beam ... 2.83 Reactions for a Continuous Beam ... 2.90 Steel Beam Encased in Concrete ... 2.90 Composite Steel-and-Concrete Beam ... 2.92 Design of a Concrete Joist in a Ribbed Floor ... 2.95 Design of a Stair Slab ... 2.97 Free Vibratory Motion of a Rigid Bent ... 2.98 Section 3. Timber Engineering ... 3.1 Bending Stress and Deflection of Wood Joists ... 3.2 Shearing Stress Caused by Stationary Concentrated
Load ... 3.2
Contents xvii
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Shearing Stress Caused by Moving Concentrated
Load ... 3.3 Strength of Deep Wooden Beams ... 3.3 Design of a Wood-Plywood Beam ... 3.4 Determining the Capacity of a Solid Column ... 3.6 Design of a Solid Wooden Column ... 3.6 Investigation of a Spaced Column ... 3.7 Compression on an Oblique Plane ... 3.8 Design of a Notched Joint ... 3.8 Allowable Lateral Load on Nails ... 3.9 Capacity of Lag Screws ... 3.10 Design of a Bolted Splice ... 3.10 Investigation of a Timber-Connector Joint ... 3.11 Section 4. Soil Mechanics ... 4.1 Soil Mechanics ... 4.1 Composition of Soil ... 4.2 Specific Weight of Soil Mass ... 4.3 Analysis of Quicksand Conditions ... 4.3 Measurement of Permeability by Falling-Head
Permeameter ... 4.4 Construction of Flow Net ... 4.4 Soil Pressure Caused by Point Load ... 4.6 Vertical Force on Rectangular Area Caused by
Point Load ... 4.7 Vertical Pressure Caused by Rectangular Loading ... 4.8 Appraisal of Shearing Capacity of Soil by
Unconfined Compression Test ... 4.8 Appraisal of Shearing Capacity of Soil by Triaxial
Compression Test ... 4.10
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Earth Thrust on Retaining Wall Calculated by
Rankine's Theory ... 4.11 Earth Thrust on Retaining Wall Calculated by
Coulomb's Theory ... 4.13 Earth Thrust on Timbered Trench Calculated by
General Wedge Theory ... 4.14 Thrust on a Bulkhead ... 4.16 Cantilever Bulkhead Analysis ... 4.17 Anchored Bulkhead Analysis ... 4.18 Stability of Slope by Method of Slices ... 4.20 Stability of Slope by φ -Circle Method ... 4.22 Analysis of Footing Stability by Terzaghi's
Formula ... 4.24 Soil Consolidation and Change in Void Ratio ... 4.25 Compression Index and Void Ratio of a Soil ... 4.26 Settlement of Footing ... 4.27 Determination of Footing Size by Housel's Method ... 4.28 Application of Pile-Driving Formula ... 4.28 Capacity of a Group of Friction Piles ... 4.29 Load Distribution among Hinged Batter Piles ... 4.30 Load Distribution among Piles with Fixed Bases ... 4.32 Load Distribution among Piles Fixed at Top and
Bottom ... 4.33 Economics of Cleanup Methods in Soil Mechanics ... 4.34 Recycle Profit Potentials in Municipal Wastes ... 4.34 Choice of Cleanup Technology for Contaminated
Waste Sites ... 4.36 Cleaning up a Contaminated Waste Site via
Bioremediation ... 4.41
Work Required to Clean Oil-Polluted Beaches ... 4.48
Contents xix
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Section 5. Surveying, Route Design, and Highway
Bridges ... 5.1 Surveying and Route Design ... 5.2 Plotting a Closed Traverse ... 5.2 Area of Tract with Rectilinear Boundaries ... 5.4 Partition of a Tract ... 5.5 Area of Tract with Meandering Boundary: Offsets at
Irregular Intervals ... 5.7 Differential Leveling Procedure ... 5.8 Stadia Surveying ... 5.9 Volume of Earthwork ... 5.10 Determination of Azimuth of a Star by Field
Astronomy ... 5.11 Time of Culmination of a Star ... 5.14 Plotting a Circular Curve ... 5.14 Intersection of Circular Curve and Straight Line ... 5.17 Realignment of Circular Curve by Displacement of
Forward Tangent ... 5.18 Characteristics of a Compound Curve ... 5.18 Analysis of a Highway Transition Spiral ... 5.20 Transition Spiral: Transit at Intermediate Station ... 5.24 Plotting a Parabolic Arc ... 5.25 Location of a Single Station on a Parabolic Arc ... 5.28 Location of a Summit ... 5.29 Parabolic Curve to Contain a Given Point ... 5.29 Sight Distance on a Vertical Curve ... 5.31 Mine Surveying: Grade of Drift ... 5.32 Determining Strike and Dip from Two Apparent
Dips ... 5.33
xx Contents
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Determination of Strike, Dip, and Thickness from
Two Skew Boreholes ... 5.35 Aerial Photogrammetry ... 5.39 Flying Height Required to Yield a Given Scale ... 5.39 Determining Ground Distance by Vertical
Photograph ... 5.41 Determining the Height of a Structure by Vertical
Photograph ... 5.41 Determining Ground Distance by Tilted
Photograph ... 5.43 Determining Elevation of a Point by Overlapping
Vertical Photographs ... 5.45 Determining Air Base of Overlapping Vertical
Photographs by Use of Two Control Points ... 5.46 Determining Scale of Oblique Photograph ... 5.48 Design of Highway Bridges ... 5.50 Design of a T-Beam Bridge ... 5.51 Composite Steel-and-Concrete Bridge ... 5.54 Section 6. Fluid Mechanics, Pumps, Piping, and
Hydro Power ... 6.1
Part 1. Fluid Mechanics ... 6.2
Hydrostatics ... 6.2
Buoyancy and Flotation ... 6.2
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface ... 6.3
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface ... 6.5
Stability of a Vessel ... 6.6
Mechanics of Incompressible Fluids ... 6.7
Viscosity of Fluid ... 6.8
Application of Bernoulli's Theorem ... 6.9
Flow through a Venturi Meter ... 6.10
Contents xxi
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Flow through an Orifice ... 6.11 Flow through the Suction Pipe of a Drainage
Pump ... 6.11 Power of a Flowing Liquid ... 6.12 Discharge over a Sharp-Edged Weir ... 6.12 Laminar Flow in a Pipe ... 6.13 Turbulent Flow in Pipe - Application of Darcy-
Weisbach Formula ... 6.14 Determination of Flow in a Pipe ... 6.16 Pipe-Size Selection by the Manning Formula ... 6.16 Loss of Head Caused by Sudden Enlargement of
Pipe ... 6.17 Discharge of Looping Pipes ... 6.18 Fluid Flow in Branching Pipes ... 6.18 Uniform Flow in Open Channel - Determination of
Slope ... 6.19 Required Depth of Canal for Specified Fluid Flow
Rate ... 6.19 Alternate Stages of Flow; Critical Depth ... 6.20 Determination of Hydraulic Jump ... 6.22 Rate of Change of Depth in Nonuniform Flow ... 6.23 Discharge between Communicating Vessels ... 6.24 Variation in Head on a Weir without Inflow to the
Reservoir ... 6.25 Variation in Head on a Weir with Inflow to the
Reservoir ... 6.25 Dimensional Analysis Methods ... 6.27 Hydraulic Similarity and Construction of Models ... 6.29 Part 2. Pump Operating Modes, Affinity Laws, Speed
and Head ... 6.29
Series Pump Installation Analysis ... 6.29
Parallel Pumping Economics ... 6.32
xxii Contents
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Similarity or Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps ... 6.36 Similarity or Affinity Laws in Centrifugal Pump
Selection ... 6.37 Specific Speed Considerations in Centrifugal Pump
Selection ... 6.38 Selecting the Best Operating Speed for a
Centrifugal Pump ... 6.40 Total Head on a Pump Handling Vapor-Free
Liquid ... 6.42 Pump Selection for any Pumping System ... 6.47 Analysis of Pump and System Characteristic
Curves ... 6.55 Net Positive Suction Head for Hot-Liquid Pumps ... 6.61 Part 3. Centrifugal Pumps and Hydro Power ... 6.63 Minimum Safe Flow for a Centrifugal Pump ... 6.63 Selecting a Centrifugal Pump to Handle a Viscous
Liquid ... 6.64 Pump Shaft Deflection and Critical Speed ... 6.66 Effect of Liquid Viscosity on Regenerative-Pump
Performance ... 6.67 Effect of Liquid Viscosity on Redciprocating-Pump
Performance ... 6.69 Effect of Viscosity and Dissolved Gas on Rotary
Pumps ... 6.70 Selection of Materials for Pump Parts ... 6.72 Sizing a Hydropneumatic Storage Tank ... 6.72 Using Centrifugal Pumps as Hydraulic Turbines ... 6.73 Sizing Centrifugal-Pump Impellers for Safety
Service ... 6.78 Pump Choice to Reduce Energy Consumption and
Loss ... 6.81
Contents xxiii
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Small Hydro Power Considerations and Analysis ... 6.84
"Clean" Energy from Small-Scale Hydro Sites ... 6.87 Use of Solar-Powered Pumps in Irrigation and
Other Services ... 6.90 Section 7. Water Supply and Stormwater System
Design ... 7.1 Water-Well Analysis ... 7.1
Determining the Drawdown for Gravity Water-
Supply Well ... 7.1 Finding the Drawdown of a Discharging Gravity
Well ... 7.4 Analyzing Drawdown and Recovery for Well
Pumped for Extended Period ... 7.6 Selection of Air-Lift Pump for Water Well ... 7.9 Water-Supply and Storm-Water System Design ... 7.11
Water-Supply System Flow-Rate and Pressure-
Loss Analysis ... 7.11 Water-Supply System Selection ... 7.17 Selection of Treatment Method for Water-Supply
System ... 7.21 Storm-Water Runoff Rate and Rainfall Intensity ... 7.24 Sizing Sewer Pipe for Various Flow Rates ... 7.25 Sewer-Pipe Earth Load and Bedding
Requirements ... 7.29 Storm-Sewer Inlet Size and Flow Rate ... 7.33 Storm-Sewer Design ... 7.34 Section 8. Sanitary Wastewater Treatment and
Control ... 8.1
Design of a Complete-Mix Activated Sludge Reactor ... 8.1
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Design of a Circular Settling Tank ... 8.8 Thickening of a Waste-Activated Sludge Using a
Gravity-Belt Thickener ... 8.10 Design of an Aerobic Digester ... 8.12 Design of an Aerated Grit Chamber ... 8.16 Design of Solid-Bowl Centrifuge for Sludge
Dewatering ... 8.19 Sizing of a Traveling-Bridge Filter ... 8.23 Design of a Rapid-Mix Basin and Flocculation Basin ... 8.26 Sizing a Polymer Dilution/Feed System ... 8.28 Design of a Trickling Filter Using NRC Equations ... 8.29 Design of a Plastic Media Trickling Filter ... 8.33 Sizing a Rotary-Lobe Sludge Pump ... 8.36 Design of an Anaerobic Digester ... 8.41 Design of a Chlorination System for Wastewater
Disinfection ... 8.44 Sanitary Sewer System Design ... 8.45 Selection of Sewage-Treatment Method ... 8.49 Section 9. Engineering Economics ... 9.1 Calculation of Interest, Principal, and Payments ... 9.4 Determination of Simple Interest ... 9.6 Compound Interest; Future Value of Single
Payment ... 9.6
Present Worth of Single Payment ... 9.7
Principal in Sinking Fund ... 9.7
Determination of Sinking-Fund Deposit ... 9.7
Present Worth of a Uniform Series ... 9.8
Capital-Recovery Determination ... 9.8
Effective Interest Rate ... 9.8
Perpetuity Determination ... 9.9
Contents xxv
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Determination of Equivalent Sums ... 9.9 Analysis of a Nonuniform Series ... 9.10 Uniform Series with Payment Period Different from
Interest Period ... 9.11 Uniform-Gradient Series: Conversion to Uniform
Series ... 9.11 Present Worth of Uniform-Gradient Series ... 9.12 Future Value of Uniform-Rate Series ... 9.12 Determination of Payments under Uniform-Rate
Series ... 9.13 Continuous Compounding ... 9.13 Future Value of Uniform Series with Continuous
Compounding ... 9.14 Present Worth of Continuous Cash Flow of Uniform
Rate ... 9.14 Future Value of Continuous Cash Flow of Uniform
Rate ... 9.14 Depreciation and Depletion ... 9.15 Straight-Line Depreciation ... 9.15 Straight-Line Depreciation with Two Rates ... 9.16 Depreciation by Accelerated Cost Recovery
System ... 9.16 Sinking-Fund Method: Asset Book Value ... 9.17 Sinking-Fund Method: Depreciation Charges ... 9.18 Fixed-Percentage (Declining-Balance) Method ... 9.18 Combination of Fixed-Percentage and Straight-Line
Methods ... 9.18
Constant-Unit-Use Method of Depreciation ... 9.19
Declining-Unit-Use Method of Depreciation ... 9.20
Sum-of-the-Digits Method of Depreciation ... 9.21
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Combination of Time- and Use-Depreciation
Methods ... 9.21 Effects of Depreciation Accounting on Taxes and
Earnings ... 9.22 Depletion Accounting by the Sinking-Fund Method ... 9.23 Income from a Depleting Asset ... 9.23 Depletion Accounting by the Unit Method ... 9.24 Cost Comparisons of Alternative Proposals ... 9.24 Determination of Annual Cost of an Asset ... 9.25 Minimum Asset Life to Justify a Higher Investment ... 9.26 Comparison of Equipment Cost and Income
Generated ... 9.26 Selection of Relevant Data in Annual-Cost Studies ... 9.27 Determination of Manufacturing Break-Even Point ... 9.28 Cost Comparison with Nonuniform Operating
Costs ... 9.28 Economics of Equipment Replacement ... 9.29 Annual Cost by the Amortization (Sinking-Fund-
Depreciation) Method ... 9.31 Annual Cost by the Straight-Line-Depreciation
Method ... 9.31 Present Worth of Future Costs of an Installation ... 9.32 Determination of Capitalized Cost ... 9.33 Capitalized Cost of Asset with Uniform Intermittent
Payments ... 9.33 Capitalized Cost of an Asset with Nonuniform
Intermittent Payments ... 9.34 Stepped-Program Capitalized Cost ... 9.35 Calculation of Annual Cost on After-Tax Basis ... 9.36 Cost Comparison with Anticipated Decreasing
Costs ... 9.37
Contents xxvii
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Economy of Replacing an Asset with an Improved
Model ... 9.38 Economy of Replacement under Continuing
Improvements ... 9.40 Economy of Replacement on After-Tax Basis ... 9.42 Effects of Inflation ... 9.43
Determination of Replacement Cost with Constant
Inflation Rate ... 9.43 Determination of Replacement Cost with Variable
Inflation Rate ... 9.43 Present Worth of Costs in Inflationary Period ... 9.44 Cost Comparison with Anticipated Inflation ... 9.45 Endowment with Allowance for Inflation ... 9.46 Evaluation of Investments ... 9.46 Premium-Worth Method of Investment Evaluation ... 9.46 Valuation of Corporate Bonds ... 9.48 Rate of Return on Bond Investment ... 9.48 Investment-Rate Calculation as Alternative to
Annual-Cost Calculation ... 9.49 Allocation of Investment Capital ... 9.49 Allocation of Capital to Two Investments with
Variable Rates of Return ... 9.51 Allocation of Capital to Three Investments by
Dynamic Programming ... 9.52 Economic Level of Investment ... 9.54 Relationship between Before-Tax and After-Tax
Investment Rates ... 9.55 Apparent Rates of Return on a Continuing
Investment ... 9.56
True Rate of Return on a Completed Investment ... 9.57
Average Rate of Return on Composite Investment ... 9.57
xxviii Contents
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Rate of Return on a Speculative Investment ... 9.58 Investment at an Intermediate Date (Ambiguous
Case) ... 9.59 Payback Period of an Investment ... 9.60 Payback Period to Yield a Given Investment Rate ... 9.61 Benefit-Cost Analysis ... 9.61 Analysis of Business Operations ... 9.63
Linear Programming to Maximize Income from
Joint Products ... 9.63 Allocation of Production among Multiple Facilities
with Nonlinear Costs ... 9.64 Optimal Product Mix with Nonlinear Profits ... 9.65 Dynamic Programming to Minimize Cost of
Transportation ... 9.67 Optimal Inventory Level ... 9.69 Effect of Quantity Discount on Optimal Inventory
Level ... 9.71 Project Planning by the Critical-Path Method ... 9.71 Project Planning Based on Available Workforce ... 9.77 Statistics, Probability, and their Applications ... 9.80
Determination of Arithmetic Mean, Median, and
Standard Deviation ... 9.80 Determination of Arithmetic Mean and Standard
Deviation of Grouped Data ... 9.82 Number of Ways of Assigning Work ... 9.83 Formation of Permutations Subject to a
Restriction ... 9.84 Formation of Combinations Subject to a
Restriction ... 9.84
Probability of a Sequence of Events ... 9.86
Probability Associated with a Series of Trials ... 9.86
Contents xxix
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Binomial Probability Distribution ... 9.87 Pascal Probability Distribution ... 9.88 Poisson Probability Distribution ... 9.89 Composite Event with Poisson Distribution ... 9.90 Normal Distribution ... 9.90 Application of Normal Distribution ... 9.92 Negative-Exponential Distribution ... 9.93 Sampling Distribution of the Mean ... 9.96 Estimation of Population Mean on Basis of Sample
Mean ... 9.97 Decision Making on Statistical Basis ... 9.98 Probability of Accepting a False Null Hypothesis ... 9.100 Decision Based on Proportion of Sample ... 9.101 Probability of Accepting an Unsatisfactory
Shipment ... 9.102 Device with Negative-Exponential Life Span ... 9.104 Correspondence between Poisson Failure and
Negative-Exponential Life Span ... 9.106 Probability of Failure during a Specific Period ... 9.106 System with Components in Series ... 9.107 System with Components in Parallel ... 9.107 System with Identical Components in Parallel ... 9.108 Analysis of Composite System by Conventional
Method ... 9.109 Analysis of Composite System by Alternative
Method ... 9.110 Analysis of System with Safeguard by Conventional
Method ... 9.112 Analysis of System with Safeguard by Alternative
Method ... 9.113
Optimal Inventory to Meet Fluctuating Demand ... 9.115
xxx Contents
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Finding Optimal Inventory by Incremental-Profit
Method ... 9.116 Simulation of Commercial Activity by the Monte
Carlo Technique ... 9.117 Linear Regression Applied to Sales Forecasting ... 9.120 Standard Deviation from Regression Line ... 9.122 Short-Term Forecasting with a Markov Process ... 9.123 Long-Term Forecasting with a Markov Process ... 9.125 Verification of Steady-State Conditions for a
Markov Process ... 9.126
Index ... I.1
SECTION 1
STRUCTURAL STEEL ENGINEERING
AND DESIGN MAX KURTZ, P.E.
Consulting Engineer METRICATED BY GERALD M. EISENBERG Project Engineering Administrator American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Part 1: Statics, Stress and Strain, and Flexural Analysis PRINCIPLES OF STATICS; GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AREAS
Graphical Analysis of a Force System Analysis of Static Friction
Analysis of a Structural Frame Graphical Analysis of a Plane Truss Truss Analysis by the Method of Joints Truss Analysis by the Method of Sections Reactions of a Three-Hinged Arch Length of Cable Carrying Known Loads Parabolic Cable Tension and Length
Catenary Cable Sag and Distance between Supports Stability of a Retaining Wall
Analysis of a Simple Space Truss Analysis of a Compound Space Truss Geometric Properties of an Area Product of Inertia of an Area
Properties of an Area with Respect to Rotated Axes ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND STRAIN
Stress Caused by an Axial Load Deformation Caused by an Axial Load Deformation of a Built-Up Member Reactions at Elastic Supports
Analysis of Cable Supporting a Concentrated Load Displacement of Truss Joint
Axial Stress Caused by Impact Load Stresses on an Oblique Plane Evaluation of Principal Stresses
Hoop Stress in Thin- Walled Cylinder under Pressure
1.51.51.71.81.91.111.131.141.151.171.181.181.191.211.241.261.261.271.281.281.281.291.301.311.321.331.341.35
Stresses in Prestressed Cylinder Hoop Stress in Thick-Walled Cylinder
Thermal Stress Resulting from Heating a Member
Thermal Effects in Composite Member Having Elements in Parallel Thermal Effects in Composite Member Having Elements in Series Shrink-Fit Stress and Radial Pressure
Torsion of a Cylindrical Shaft Analysis of a Compound Shaft STRESSES IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam Beam Bending Stresses
Analysis of a Beam on Movable Supports Flexural Capacity of a Compound Beam Analysis of a Composite Beam
Beam Shear Flow and Shearing Stress Locating the Shear Center of a Section Bending of a Circular Flat Plate Bending of a Rectangular Flat Plate Combined Bending and Axial Load Analysis Flexural Stress in a Curved Member Soil Pressure under Dam
Load Distribution in Pile Group DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
Double-Integration Method of Determining Beam Deflection Moment- Area Method of Determining Beam Deflection Conjugate-Beam Method of Determining Beam Deflection Unit-Load Method of Computing Beam Deflection Deflection of a Cantilever Frame
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Shear and Bending Moment of a Beam on a Yielding Support Maximum Bending Stress in Beams Jointly Supporting a Load Theorem of Three Moments
Theorem of Three Moments: Beam with Overhang and Fixed End Bending-Moment Determination by Moment Distribution Analysis of a Statically Indeterminate Truss
MOVING LOADS AND INFLUENCE LINES
Analysis of Beam Carrying Moving Concentrated Loads Influence Line for Shear in a Bridge Truss
Force in Truss Diagonal Caused by a Moving Uniform Load Force in Truss Diagonal Caused by Moving Concentrated Loads Influence Line for Bending Moment in Bridge Truss
Force in Truss Chord Caused by Moving Concentrated Loads Influence Line for Bending Moment in Three-Hinged Arch Deflection of a Beam under Moving Loads
RIVETED AND WELDED CONNECTIONS Capacity of a Rivet
Investigation of a Lap Splice Design of a Butt Splice Design of a Pipe Joint
Moment on Riveted Connection Eccentric Load on Riveted Connection Design of a Welded Lap Joint
Eccentric Load on a Welded Connection
1.351.361.371.381.391.391.401.401.411.421.431.441.451.461.481.491.501.511.511.531.531.541.551.551.561.571.581.591.611.611.621.631.641.651.671.691.691.701.721.721.741.751.761.781.781.791.801.811.821.831.841.861.87
Part 2: Structural Steel Design STEEL BEAMS AND PLATE GIRDERS
Most Economic Section for a Beam with a Continuous Lateral Support under a Uniform Load
Most Economic Section for a Beam with Intermittent Lateral Support under Uniform Load
Design of a Beam with Reduced Allowable Stress Design of a Cover-Plated Beam
Design of a Continuous Beam
Shearing Stress in a Beam — Exact Method Shearing Stress in a Beam — Approximate Method Moment Capacity of a Welded Plate Girder Analysis of a Riveted Plate Girder
Design of a Welded Plate Girder
STEEL COLUMNS AND TENSION MEMBERS Capacity of a Built-Up Column
Capacity of a Double- Angle Star Strut
Section Selection for a Column with Two Effective Lengths Stress in Column with Partial Restraint against Rotation Lacing of Built-Up Column
Selection of a Column with a Load at an Intermediate Level Design of an Axial Member for Fatigue
Investigation of a Beam Column Application of Beam-Column Factors Net Section of a Tension Member
Design of a Double- Angle Tension Member PLASTIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Allowable Load on Bar Supported by Rods Determination of Section Shape Factors
Determination of Ultimate Load by the Static Method Determining the Ultimate Load by the Mechanism Method Analysis of a Fixed-End Beam under Concentrated Load Analysis of a Two-Span Beam with Concentrated Loads Selection of Sizes for a Continuous Beam
Mechanism-Method Analysis of a Rectangular Portal Frame Analysis of a Rectangular Portal Frame by the Static Method Theorem of Composite Mechanisms
Analysis of an Unsymmetric Rectangular Portal Frame Analysis of Gable Frame by Static Method
Theorem of Virtual Displacements
Gable-Frame Analysis by Using the Mechanism Method Reduction in Plastic-Moment Capacity Caused by Axial Force LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR METHOD
Determining If a Given Beam Is Compact or Non-Compact Determining Column Axial Shortening with a Specified Load Determining the Compressive Strength of a Welded Section Determining Beam Flexural Design Strength for Minor- and
Maj or- Axis Bending
Designing Web Stiffeners for Welded Beams
Determining the Design Moment and Shear Strength of a Built-up Wide-Flanged Welded Beam Section
Finding the Lightest Section to Support a Specified Load
1.881.881.891.901.921.951.961.971.971.981.991.1031.1041.1051.1061.1071.1081.1091.1101.1111.1111.1121.1131.1141.1151.1161.1171.1191.1201.1211.1221.1241.1271.1271.1281.1301.1321.1331.1341.1361.1381.1391.1401.1411.1421.1441.148
Combined Flexure and Compression in Beam-Columns in a Braced Frame Selection of a Concrete-Filled Steel Column
Determining Design Compressive Strength of Composite Columns Analyzing a Concrete Slab for Composite Action
Determining the Design Shear Strength of a Beam Web Determining a Bearing Plate for a Beam and Its End Reaction Determining Beam Length to Eliminate Bearing Plate
Part 3: Hangers and Connections, Wind-Shear Analysis Design of an Eyebar
Analysis of a Steel Hanger Analysis of a Gusset Plate Design of a Semirigid Connection Riveted Moment Connection
Design of a Welded Flexible Beam Connection Design of a Welded Seated Beam Connection Design of a Welded Moment Connection Rectangular Knee of Rigid Bent Curved Knee of Rigid Bent
Base Plate for Steel Column Carrying Axial Load Base for Steel Column with End Moment Grillage Support for Column
Wind-Stress Analysis by Portal Method Wind-Stress Analysis by Cantilever Method Wind-Stress Analysis by Slope-Deflection Method Wind Drift of a Building
Reduction in Wind Drift by Using Diagonal Bracing Light-Gage Steel Beam with Unstiffened Flange
Light-Gage Steel Beam with Stiffened Compression Flange
1.150 1.156 1.159 1.161 1.163 1.164 1.166
1.167 1.168 1.169 1.171 1.172 1.175 1.176 1.178 1.179 1.180 1.181 1.182 1.183 1.186 1.188 1.191 1.193 1.195 1.196 1.197 REFERENCES: Crawley and Billion—Steel Buildings: Analysis and Design, Wiley;
Bowles—Structural Steel Design, McGraw-Hill; ASCE Council on Computer Prac- tices—Computing in Civil Engineering, ASCE; American Concrete Institute—Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete; American Institute of Steel Construction—
Manual of Steel Construction; National Forest Products Association—National Design
