Is This Formula A Tautology, A Contradiction, Or A Contingent Formula?(P Q) (P R) (2024)

History College

Answers

Answer 1

Note that the above formula ((P ● Q) ∨ (P ● R)) is a tautology.

What is tautology in this case?

A tautology is a formula that is always true, regardless of the truth values of the propositions it contains. In this formula, the disjunction (∨) is true if either of the conjunctions (●) are true. The first conjunction, (P ● Q), is true if both P and Q are true. The second conjunction, (P ● R), is also true if both P and R are true.

Therefore, the disjunction (∨) is true if either P and Q are both true, or if P and R are both true.

A contradiction is a formula that is always false, regardless of the truth values of the propositions it contains.

A contingent formula is a formula that is neither a tautology nor a contradiction, and whose truth value depends on the truth values of the propositions it contains.

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Related Questions

Shawnee
O Cherokee
Seminole
Shoshone
Choctaw
2
Which Indigenous tribes were forcibly removed from their lands in the Southeast in the 1830s during the "Trail of
Tears"?

Answers

Some 100,000 American Indians forcibly eliminated from what is now the japanese United States to what was once referred to as Indian Territory protected contributors of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes.

Which Native American tribe resisted removal West all through the 1830s and beyond?

The Cherokee Nation, led with the aid of Principal Chief John Ross, resisted the Indian Removal Act, even in the face of assaults on its sovereign rights with the aid of the country of Georgia and violence towards Cherokee people.

After the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830, about 60,000 participants of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw countries (including heaps of their black slaves) were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands, with hundreds loss of life during the Trail of Tears.

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How does the bill of rights make America a republic government

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The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution, were ratified in 1791. These changes curbed federal authority.

How does our democracy benefit from the Bill of Rights?

Ten amendments make up the Bill of Rights, which restricts the federal government's authority while specifically guaranteeing certain rights and protections to US individuals. Government interference with the rights to free expression, peaceful assembly, and exercise of religion is prohibited by the First Amendment.

What did the Bill of Rights serve to protect?

It outlines the rights of Americans in regard to their government. Individuals are given civil rights and liberties like freedom of speech, of the press, and of religion. It establishes guidelines for legal due process and reserves all authority not granted by the people or the States to the Federal Government.

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A tsar was a Russian leader in the early 1900s who was similar to a
king.

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In the early 1900s, a tsar, who was comparable to a king, ruled Russia. The ancient kings of Russia, Serbia, and Bulgaria bore the royal title of tsar.

Tsar can be compared to an emperor or king, depending on the nation and the era.

Although the Moscow Empire is most often linked with the name "tsar," Simeon I, a Bulgarian tsar who ruled from 893 to 927, was the first to hold this title in honor of his contributions to the First Bulgarian Empire. The title "Tsar" is a representation of Rome's successors and a monarch's imperial aspirations in relation to the concept of the Third Rome.

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tensions between the romans and the jews in jerusalem culminated in the roman assault on the city and the destruction of the in 70 c.e.

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Tensions between the romans and the jews in jerusalem culminated in the roman assault on the city and the destruction of the Second Temple, Mutual animosity and discord, between the Romans and the Hebrews culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem and its Second Temple in 70 c.e.

Slaves, by way of contrast, had no prison or social standing at all and might be treated as beasts of burden with the aid of their masters.

Roman people additionally needed to cope with most of the identical crimes we face these days, which includes murder, arson (placing hearth to something) and vandalism.

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sociobiologists assert a genetic basis for many nearly universal cultural traits, including which of the following? (choose every correct answer.)

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Sociobiologists assert a genetic basis for many nearly universal cultural traits included that the women are nurturers and men are providers.The process by which a cultural item is spread from society to society is referred to as the cultural diffusion.

Many sociobiologists was beleived that our behavior is largely based on genetics.According to sociologists, Culture is the term that means that a large and diverse set of most intangible aspects of social life.

Culture ensured that the values, beliefs, language system, communication and practices that people share in common and can be used to define them as a collective.

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the goal of the civil rights act of 1964 was to stamp out , but specific language made enforcement quite difficult.

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Although particular language in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was intended to end workplace discrimination, this language actually made enforcement exceedingly challenging.

The law's amendment was undertaken by Congress. Title VII was amended in 1972 to include the Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA).

During the Johnson administration, this law was passed outlawing public segregation and giving the federal government the power to fight black disenfranchisem*nt.

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was also created by the act to prevent workplace discrimination.

In 1964, Congress enacted Public Law 88-352.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbids discrimination based on national origin, race, colour, religion, or gender.

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Answer:

discrimination

Explanation:

why were renaissance artists influenced by acient greek and roman temples and buildings

Answers

Renaissance artists were influenced by ancient Greek and Roman temples and buildings because they worked close to the temples and buildings. The Option A is correct.

How were the Renaissance artists influenced?

The Renaissance artists were influenced by ancient Greek and Roman temples and buildings as they work on their temples and buildings. That was how they learned or were influenced by the magnificent buildings, temples and pieces of art from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

The Renaissance movement started in Florence, Italy, a place where he can find fantastic pieces of work by Italian artist, in which many of them sponsored by the Medici family.

Missing option "A-The artists worked close to the temples and buildings. B-The artists read books about the temples and buildings. C-The artists traveled to visit the temples and buildings. D-The artists saw paintings of the temples and buildings.

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HELP!! What has happened to the number of independent countries in the world since the end of the Second World War?

A. It has increased slightly.
B. It has decreased slightly.
C. It has stayed the same, with an equal number gaining and losing independence.
D. It has increased significantly.

Answers

D. it has increased significantly

Answer:

D. It had increased significantly

Explanation:

the revolution began with the storming of the bastille on july 14, 1789, which was a symbol of the monarchy's power and authority. this event was followed by the abolition of feudalism and the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen, which established equal rights for all citizens. however, the revolution quickly became more radical, and the jacobins, led by maximilien robespierre, came to power and instituted the reign of terror, during which thousands of people were executed.

Answers

The revolution which began on July 14, 1789, at bastille is the French Revolution that witnessed the abolition of feudalism and declaration of equal rights of man and citizens which was later led by Maximilien, a Jacobins member, and started instituting the reign of power.

With Napoleon Bonaparte's rise in 1789, the French Revolution—a turning point in world history—began. French voters fundamentally changed their country's political landscape during this time, toppling centuries-old structures like the monarchy and the feudal system.

After the Assembly passed the Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights in late August, the political crisis radicalized when a group of rebels led by the extreme Jacobins seized the royal palace in Paris and took the monarch hostage.

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After French and Indian War, the serious conflict arose between the American colonies and Britain over _________ without representation

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After French and Indian War, the serious conflict arose between the American colonies and Britain over no taxation without representation.

Conflicts are struggles and clashes of ideas, beliefs, or even moral precepts. There will always be conflict in society since it can have a variety of root causes, including personal, racial, class, caste, political, and international. Conflict can also be theoretical, philosophical, or emotional, in which case achieving academic success may or may not be a primary driving factor. A subclass of cultural conflict known as intellectual conflict is one that develops through time as a result of various cultural values and beliefs. Group conflict frequently takes a predetermined path. Initial conflicts inside the group, which are frequently brought on by internal disagreements, disputes among the group's participants, or a lack of resources accessible to the group, first interrupt routine group interaction. The group may now break into coalitions because it is no longer cohesive. In some situations, the conflict escalation stage is followed by the dispute resolution stage, following which the group can either revert to regular group engagement or break up.

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what regions make up the United Kingdom?

Answers

England,Scotland,wales,northern Ireland

The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

England is the largest and most populous country, and it is located in the southeastern part of the island of Great Britain. It is home to the capital city, London, as well as many other major cities and landmarks such as Oxford, Cambridge, and Stonehenge.

Scotland is located in the northern part of Great Britain and is known for its stunning landscapes, including the highlands and islands, as well as its rich cultural and historical heritage. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is home to the Edinburgh Festival, a world-renowned annual arts festival.

Wales is located in the western part of Great Britain and is known for its rugged coastlines, beautiful countryside, and vibrant culture. Cardiff is the capital of Wales.

Northern Ireland is located on the island of Ireland and is part of the United Kingdom. It is known for its breathtaking landscapes, including the Giant's Causeway, and its rich cultural heritage, including its music, literature, and sports. The capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast.

desegregation of the military and laid the foundation for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s. another change that occurred during world war ii was the expansion of job opportunities for women and minorities

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This is a true statement that world war II desegregated the military that, in turn, laid the foundation for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s as well as world war II expanded the job opportunities for both minorities and women.

World war II resulted in laying the foundation for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the US. The civil rights movement was a political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 with the purpose to abolish institutional racial discrimination, segregation, and disenfranchisem*nt throughout the US. Moreover, world war II provided job opportunities to minorities and women that were previously unavailable to them. They learned new skill sets, joined unions, and became part of the industrial workforce.

"

Complete question is as follows:

Desegregation of the military and laid the foundation for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s. another change that occurred during world war ii was the expansion of job opportunities for women and minorities.

True

False

"

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The basic outline of world culture history was established and radiocarbon dating began in the time period between. 1940 and 1970.

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Radiocarbon dating is a strategy for deciding the age of an item containing natural material by utilizing the properties of radiocarbon.

In 1946, Willard Libby proposed a creative strategy for dating natural materials by estimating their substance of carbon-14, a newfound radioactive isotope of carbon. Known as radiocarbon dating, this technique gives objective age appraisals to carbon-based objects that began from living life forms.

Archeologists have long utilized carbon-14 dating (otherwise called radiocarbon dating) to assess the age of specific items. Conventional radiocarbon dating is applied to natural remaining parts somewhere in the range of 500 and 50,000 years of age and takes advantage of the way that follows measures of radioactive carbon are tracked down in the common habitat.

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who wrote poem virture is to know the human relevance of each thing

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Based on a historical perspective, the person that wrote the poem virtue is George Herbert and the purpose of the poem is to know the human relevance of each thing like day, rose, spring, and all the beautiful things of nature.

What is Virtue Poem?

Virtue poem is one of George Herbert’s spiritual poems which centers on the need of keeping a virtuous soul.

In the poem, Herbert creates a contrast between earthly things and a virtuous soul to make his point.

Virtue poem is about the significance of nourishing virtue in a person’s soul. In the poem, Herbert uses several ideas to give rise to his point. By using this means, he tries to emphasize what is the need of the hour.

The poem claimed that nothing will remain except the virtue that a person keeps in his soul at some point in time.

Hence, in this case, it is concluded that George Herbert and the purpose of the poem is to know the human relevance of each thing like day, rose, spring, and all the beautiful things of nature.

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which statement best characterizes the relationship between buddhism and shinto as they are currently practiced in japan today:

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Most Japanese recognize themselves as Buddhist and Shintoist at the same time and visit both temples and shrines. In essence, the Japanese are polytheists.

The traditional folk religion known as Shinto reveres and worships the spirits of the natural world. Shinto weddings and Buddhist burials seem to be the norm for the majority of average Japanese people. Buddhism first into Japanese territory sometime in the sixth century, when Japanese cultures and customs were being assimilated. Buddhism and Shinto, the Japanese people's primary religions, did not dispute as much as they did in the past.

The two religions did not become officially independent until the 19th century, but there had already been a fusion of the two in terms of practices and symbols in Japan.

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Who had power under the Articles the states or the national government?
What was the reason for this?
What problem did this create?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:STATE GOVERNMENT WERE HAVING MORE POWER

Article of confederation , in which central government had no power to tax by their decision.This was the first government system of united states of America which lasted from year 1776 to 1789.Government under this article lacked judicial branch and state government was having more power in their hands.Reason for this was because there was no strong national government America was not having power to pay tax and maintain the military.As a result some leaders made new constitution in which power was shared between state and national governments.

One of the biggest problem was that the national government was having less power and was not able to impose tax because the article allowed only state government to impose taxes.To pay their own expense state government has to ask national government for money.

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The colonists had a difficult time when they arrived in Jamestown. Explain this statement?

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Before a new batch of immigrants and supplies arrived in 1610, Jamestown had been brought to the verge of disaster by famine, disease, and conflict with nearby Native American groups in the first two years.

Why did colonists at Jamestown struggle to survive?

The "starving time" in Jamestown was the winter of 1609–1610. The majority of colonists died that winter as a result of disease, violence, drought, a weak harvest followed by a hard winter, and insufficient drinking water.

Things like malnutrition and disease, environmental issues, and confrontations with the Indians that awaited them were just a few of the enemies that made life much worse. When the colonists first arrived, they had trouble feeding themselves and thought the native people would be able to assist them.

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Where can I find Canadian immigration records?

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The British Parliament passed legislation in 1803 to control emigrant ships traveling to North America. A passenger list must be prepared by the ship's master and left at the port of departure.

that there are no thorough nominal lists of immigrants who entered Canada before 1865. Few of these lists have lasted.For the years 1865 to 1935, Library and Archives Canada is home to the country's immigration records. The bulk of immigrants who were admitted to Canada are only officially documented in the passenger lists.The passenger list is a list of immigrants arriving on a specific ship on a specific day at an authorized port of entry. In general, each manifest provides: Personal information for wives, minor children, laborer groups, and first- and second-class passengers is missing from some of the earlier manifests. Depending on the era, some lists also include details about the immigrants' health, religion, past trips to Canada, ties within their families, and amount of cash on hand.

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True/False the american healthcare system wastes considerable amounts of money in areas such as failure of care delivery and failure of care coordination.

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True, The American healthcare system wastes a lot of money by doing poorly in areas like care coordination and care delivery.

Coordination is the capacity to move and interact with other people and objects while using your body appropriately. A gymnast walking on a tightrope without falling is an illustration of coordination. Working together to arrange or coordinate a party is an example of coordination. entail the coordinated use of powerful muscles or sets of muscles (trunk, extremities). Activities like walking, running, and lifting are examples. Conflicts are reduced via coordination, and rivalries are put an end to as well as wastages, delays, indifferences, and other organizational issues. It makes sure the organization runs smoothly. So an organization may quickly achieve its goals with the aid of coordination.

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American Domestic and Foreign Policies (1953-1991)
Complete a search either in the Chamberlain Library or internet for domestic and foreign polices of four (4) of the following Presidents. Please incorporate at least one primary source of either a policy or act that you have chosen to write about.
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
Then, compare domestic and foreign polices of your four (4) presidents by answering the following prompts:
Explain how your selected presidents worked to improve the United States economically and socially. Give at least one example of each president.
Assess if the policies of your choice of presidents strengthen or weaken the United States.
Explain how you see your choice of presidents served the public interest and further the cause of democracy.
Determine if it is constitutional for the United States to fight preemptive wars.
Determine if human rights and morality should be the cornerstones of United State foreign policy.

Answers

The federal government was compelled to pass many pieces of equality-promoting legislation as a result of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. It inspired common people to participate in protests, marches, sit-ins, & campaigns demanding action from the federal government.

One of the most important movements for social justice in American history is still the civil rights struggle. Most of it took place in the 1950s and the 1960s. Its main goal was to advance the community of African Americans' rights and equality.

Towards the period, racism and violence were directed at the African American population. Although slavery was largely abolished as a result of the American Civil War, racism toward African Americans persisted.

They were still the target of racism. In the south, black people suffered more. Blacks and some whites were inspired by the civil rights movement to join an unprecedented struggle against prejudice and for equality (Corbett et al., 2017).

The movement had a significant impact on the country throughout its two decades of existence, inspiring subsequent minority groups to struggle for their rights, and its ramifications are still felt today.

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Use the Fourteenth Amendment to answer the question. Your response should be a paragraph in length.

Distinguish this law from the two other Reconstruction amendments. Why were all three necessary? What other laws did Congress pass to enforce these amendments?

The Fourteenth Amendment, 1868
AMENDMENT XIV

Section 1.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2.

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 3.

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4.

The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5.

The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Answers

The paragraph response of the Fourteenth Amendment to all the questions is given below

The Fourteenth Amendment was one of three Reconstruction amendments adopted after the American Civil War.

The other two were the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, and the Fifteenth Amendment, which granted African American men the right to vote.

All three amendments were necessary in order to address the issues that arose during the Civil War and its aftermath, particularly the issues of slavery, citizenship, and voting rights for African Americans.

What are the questions on the Fourteenth Amendment about?

The Fourteenth Amendment was particularly important because it granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and it ensured that states could not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law or deny any person the equal protection of the laws.

This amendment was necessary because many states had passed laws that discriminated against African Americans and denied them the rights and protections afforded to other citizens.

To enforce these amendments, Congress passed a series of laws known as the Reconstruction Acts, which established military rule in the former Confederate states and required them to rewrite their constitutions to grant equal rights to African Americans.

Therefore, Congress also established the Freedmen's Bureau, which provided assistance to newly freed slaves and helped them transition to their new status as free citizens. In addition, Congress passed the Enforcement Acts, which provided for federal prosecution of those who violated the rights of African Americans, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which granted all citizens the same access to public accommodations.

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(T/F) the constitution prohibits one house of congress from adjourning a session for more than three days without the consent of the other house.

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The constitution prohibits one house of congress from adjourning a session for more than three days without the consent of the other house is true.

According to the Constitution, only Congress has the power to pass laws, declare war, ratify or reject the majority of presidential nominations, and conduct extensive investigations. Representatives in the House of Representatives may serve an unlimited number of two-year terms. Senators are chosen to serve six-year terms and are eligible for an unlimited number of re-elections.

The Constitution gives Congress, one of the three equal institutions of government, a number of important functions. The only branch of government having the authority to enact new laws and amend existing ones is Congress. It has complete legislative authority.

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the___________ was established after the latest financial crisis, in response to a situation that caused many consumers to lose their homes.

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Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) was established in response to the financial crisis that caused many people to lose their homes in the year 2008.

The US government's Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is in charge of safeguarding consumers in the financial industry. Banks, credit unions, securities companies, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing businesses, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors, and other financial businesses operating in the United States are under the purview of the CFPB. Since its inception, the CFPB has employed technological tools to track how financial institutions target consumers using social media and algorithms.

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Which group was now able to own land as a result of the Homestead Act?
A. Immigrants who arrived in the United States after 1860
B. Indigenous peoples who signed a trade agreement
C. Enslaved people freed by the Emancipation Proclamation
D. People 18 years or older who knew how to farm

Answers

Answer:

the answer would be c, enslaved people freed by the emancipation proclamation

Answer: C. Enslaved people freed by the Emancipation Proclamation

Explanation: The Homestead Act of 1862, which was repealed in 1976 (expect in Alaska in 1986), allowed formerly enslaved people aged 21 years old or head of household to purchase deeds within 30 states. This resulted in about 1.6 million deeds being purchased and claimed. In addition, homesteaders needed to remain on property for at least five years, agree to farm the land, make improvements, build a house on site, and could not have borne arms against the US government. At the time, a claim cost $18 and the homesteaders were entitled to the land after five years of residency.

Unfortunately the Homestead Act had some negative effects on the indigenous people who had different ideologies from the homesteaders on land ownership. Many Native Americans were pushed into reservations.

The Democratic Party became deeply divided after this event:
A. Johnson does not seek reelection
B. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
C. Tet Offensive
D. Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Answers

The Democratic Party became deeply divided after this event of Johnson does not seek reelection. The correct option is (A).

What do you mean by the democratic party?

One of the two main modern political parties in the United States is the Democratic Party. It was primarily created by Martin Van Buren and was established in 1828 with the support of war hero Andrew Jackson. As a result, it is the oldest continuously operating political party in the world.

It advocates for greater government involvement in the economy while opposing its involvement in citizens' private, non-economic matters. It favors social and economic equality.

Modern American liberalism, as defined by the Democratic Party, combines ideas of social equality and civil liberties with support for a mixed-market economy.

Therefore, the Democratic Party became deeply divided after this event of Johnson does not seek reelection.

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In 1939, 740 migrant ship passengers were turned away from which city port, despite having immigration papers?
A. Barcelona
B. Miami
C. Berlin
D. London

Answers

Answer: C. Berlin
Explanation: EDGE

C. Berlin

Look at the time period and what was happening. This was the brink of the second world war. England=allies Miami=makes no sense Barcelona=possible but Berlin more likely due to political climate.

when the texas revolution began, the united states eventually inherited a border conflict with mexico, leading to the mexican-american war

Answers

Infrequent wars between Mexico and Texas lasted until the 1840s as a result of Mexico's refusal to recognize the Republic of Texas.

The Mexican-American War was sparked by the acquisition of Texas in 1845, making it the country's 28th state.

The Texas Revolution, which lasted from October 2, 1835, to April 21, 1836, was an uprising by American colonists and Tejanos (Hispanic Texans) against the centralist Mexican government. The Mexican government believed that the United States had instigated the Texas uprising with the intention of annexing the state, despite the fact that the revolt was a part of a larger one called the Mexican Federalist War that involved other provinces opposed to President Antonio López de Santa Anna's administration. It subsequently became part of the United States.

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The medieval manor was self-sufficient. true or false

Answers

Answer:

It is generally true that medieval manors were self-sufficient. A manor was a large estate in medieval Europe that was typically owned by a lord or nobleman. The manor was the basic unit of feudal society, and it included everything needed to sustain the lord and his household, as well as the peasants who lived and worked on the manor.

Manors were typically self-sufficient because they included a variety of different resources and industries. They often had farmland for growing crops, as well as pastures for raising livestock. Manors also had forests for hunting and gathering firewood, as well as fish ponds, orchards, and gardens. In addition, manors often had their own mills, ovens, and blacksmiths, which provided the necessary resources and services needed to sustain the manor.

Overall, medieval manors were designed to be self-sufficient and able to produce everything needed to sustain the lord and his household, as well as the peasants who lived and worked on the manor.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

The manor was self-sufficient which meant that the peasants produced most of everything they needed including food, clothing, tools and furniture. They did not need to trade with others for their basic needs.

african americans score, on average, points lower on standardized intelligence tests than do european americans.

Answers

African Americans score on average 10 points lower on standardized intelligence tests than European Americans.

On tests that purport to evaluate academic aptitude and intelligence, as well as on tests of language, reading, and math, African Americans do worse than European Americans. The gap starts to show up before kids start kindergarten and it continues until adulthood.

Achievement is impacted by differences in school resources, but these differences between white and black children have progressively decreased over time. The test score disparity between African Americans and European Americans may be partially explained by cultural differences related to long-term poverty. The difference in test scores is great enough to have negative social and economic effects.

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Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal remedies as foods. FDA must prove these products as unsafe to prevent sale

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Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal remedies as foods. FDA must prove these products as unsafe to prevent sale. So, the given statement is True.

In the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, Congress gave the phrase "dietary supplement" a definition. A "dietary ingredient" meant to augment the diet is one of the conditions for a product to be considered a dietary supplement. Vitamins, minerals, herbs, and other botanicals are all considered "dietary ingredients," as are amino acids, as well as enzymes and live microbials (commonly referred to as "probiotics") that are present in food.

Additionally, concentrates, metabolites, constituents, extracts, or combinations of any dietary ingredient from the aforementioned categories are also included in this definition. In addition to pills, tablets, capsules, gummies, softgels, liquids, and powders, dietary supplements can also come in a variety of other formats.

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